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1 party
plural - parties; noun1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; (also adjective) a party dress.) fiesta, reunión2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) grupo3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) partidoparty n1. fiesta2. grupo3. partidotr['pɑːtɪ]1 (celebration) fiesta2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL partido3 (group) grupo4 SMALLLAW/SMALL parte nombre femenino, interesado,-a1 (dress) de fiesta; (mood, atmosphere) festivo,-a2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (member, leader) del partido1 (go to parties) ir a fiestas; (have fun) divertirse\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be party to a crime ser cómplice de un delitoto be party to something hacerse cómplice de algoguilty party el/la culpableinnocent party el/la inocenteparty politics política de partidoparty political broadcast emisión nombre femenino de propaganda política, espacio de propaganda electoralparty piece numeritoparty wall pared nombre femenino medianera1) : partido m (político)2) participant: parte f, participante mf3) group: grupo m (de personas)4) gathering: fiesta fto throw a party: dar una fiestaadj.• de gala adj.• de partido adj.n.• banda s.f.• bandería s.f.• bando s.m.• fiesta s.f.• garufa s.f.• guateque s.m.• pandilla s.f.• parranda s.f.• partido (Gobierno) s.m.• reunión s.f.• sarao s.m.• tertulia s.f.
I 'pɑːrti, 'pɑːti1) ( event) fiesta fI was invited to a tea/dinner party — me invitaron a un té/a una cena
to have o (colloq) throw a party — dar* or hacer* una fiesta; (before n) < mood> festivo; < game> de salón; < dress> de fiesta
2) ( Pol) partido m; (before n) <member, leader> del partidoparty politics — política f de partido; (pej) partidismo m
3) ( group) grupo m; ( in hunting) partida f4) ( person or body involved) parte fthe guilty/innocent party — el culpable/inocente
to be (a) party to a crime — ser* cómplice de un crimen
II
['pɑːtɪ]1. N1) (=celebration) fiesta fhouse 3.2) (Pol) partido m•
to join a party — afiliarse a un partido, hacerse miembro de un partido3) (=group) grupo mwe were only a small party — éramos pocos, éramos un grupo pequeño
4) (in dispute, contract) parte fthe parties concerned — los interesados, las partes interesadas
third 4., warring•
to be (a) party to sth, I will not be a party to any violence — no me voy a prestar a la violencia2.VI * (=go to parties) ir a fiestas; (=have a good time) irse de juerga *, irse de marcha (Sp) *let's party! — ¡vámonos de juerga! *, ¡vámonos de marcha! (Sp) *
where shall we party tonight? — ¿a qué fiesta vamos esta noche?
3.CPDparty animal N — fiestero(-a) m / f, juerguista mf
party dress N — vestido m de fiesta
party food N — (=nibbles) canapés mpl
party game N — (for children) juego m de fiestas; (for adults) juego m de sociedad
party line N — (Telec) línea f compartida
the party line — (Pol) la línea del partido
party member N — miembro m del partido
party mood N — (=mood for enjoying o.s.) ganas fpl de fiesta
•
to be in the party mood — tener ganas de fiestaparty music N — música f de fiesta
party official N — (Pol) funcionario(-a) m / f de partido
party piece N — numerito m (de fiesta) *
party politics NPL — (gen) política fsing de partido; pej partidismo msing pej, politiqueo msing pej
party pooper * N — aguafiestas mf inv
party spirit N — espíritu m festivo
party time N —
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it's party time! — ¡es hora de fiesta!party trick N — truco m
party wall N — pared f medianera
* * *
I ['pɑːrti, 'pɑːti]1) ( event) fiesta fI was invited to a tea/dinner party — me invitaron a un té/a una cena
to have o (colloq) throw a party — dar* or hacer* una fiesta; (before n) < mood> festivo; < game> de salón; < dress> de fiesta
2) ( Pol) partido m; (before n) <member, leader> del partidoparty politics — política f de partido; (pej) partidismo m
3) ( group) grupo m; ( in hunting) partida f4) ( person or body involved) parte fthe guilty/innocent party — el culpable/inocente
to be (a) party to a crime — ser* cómplice de un crimen
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2 associate
I 1. [ə'səʊʃɪət]aggettivo [member, body] associato2.1) (colleague, partner) socio m. (-a)2) (of society) membro m.; (of academic body) (professore) associato m.3) AE univ. = diploma universitarioII 1. [ə'səʊʃɪeɪt]1) associare, collegare [idea, memory] ( with a)2.to be associated with — [ person] fare parte di [movement, group]; spreg. essere immischiato in [ shady business]
to associate with sb. — frequentare qcn
* * *1. [ə'səusieit] verb1) (to connect in the mind: He always associated the smell of tobacco with his father.) associare2) ((usually with with) to join (with someone) in friendship or work: They don't usually associate (with each other) after office hours.) frequentarsi2. [-et] adjective1) (having a lower position or rank: an associate professor.) associato2) (joined or connected: associate organizations.) associato3. noun(a colleague or partner; a companion.) socio; collega- in association with* * *associate /əˈsəʊʃɪət/A a.1 associato; con- (pref.); vice: associate director, (comm.) vicedirettore; (teatr.) vicedirettore artistico; (giorn.) associate editor, condirettore; (cinem.) associate producer, produttore associatoB n.1 socio; collega; compagno: business associate, socio in affari; ( USA) sales associate, addetto alle vendite3 cosa collegata ( con un'altra): Health is an associate to happiness, la salute concorre a dare la felicità● (in USA) associate degree, diploma universitario (rilasciato da un ► «junior college», ► junior) □ (leg.) associate judge, ausiliare (di un giudice della ► «Supreme Court», ► supreme) □ ( università, in USA) associate professor, professore associato (grado intermedio tra ► «assistant professor», ► assistant, e ► «full professor», ► full).♦ (to) associate /əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt/A v. t.1 associare ( mentalmente); collegare: I associate that place with peace and quiet, associo quel posto alla tranquillità2 (al passivo) – to be associated with, essere legato a; accompagnare; andare congiunto a: ailments that are associated with old age, i disturbi legati alla vecchiaia3 ( al passivo) – to be associated with, avere a che fare con; essere coinvolto in; avere rapporti con: I don't want to be associated with his project, non voglio avere a che fare con il suo progettoB v. i.1 associarsi; unirsi3 – to associate with, frequentare; avere rapporti con: Don't associate with people of doubtful reputation, non frequentare persone di dubbia fama* * *I 1. [ə'səʊʃɪət]aggettivo [member, body] associato2.1) (colleague, partner) socio m. (-a)2) (of society) membro m.; (of academic body) (professore) associato m.3) AE univ. = diploma universitarioII 1. [ə'səʊʃɪeɪt]1) associare, collegare [idea, memory] ( with a)2.to be associated with — [ person] fare parte di [movement, group]; spreg. essere immischiato in [ shady business]
to associate with sb. — frequentare qcn
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3 labour
1.['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun1) (task) Arbeit, diesomething is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache
2) (exertion) Mühe, die3) (work) Arbeit, diecost of labour — Arbeitskosten Pl.
4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die5)Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party
6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.be in labour — in den Wehen liegen
2. intransitive verbgo into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also academic.ru/38655/intensive">intensive 5)
3)3. transitive verblabour under a delusion — sich einer Täuschung (Dat.) hingeben
(elaborate needlessly)there's no need to labour the point — du brauchst dich nicht lange darüber zu verbreiten
* * *['leibə] 1. noun1) (hard work: The building of the cathedral involved considerable labour over two centuries; People engaged in manual labour are often badly paid.) die Arbeit3) ((in a pregnant woman etc) the process of childbirth: She was in labour for several hours before the baby was born.) die Wehen (pl.)2. verb1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) arbeiten2) (to move or work etc slowly or with difficulty: They laboured through the deep undergrowth in the jungle; the car engine labours a bit on steep hills.) sich (ab)mühen•- laborious- laboriously
- laboriousness
- labourer
- labour court
- labour dispute
- labour-saving* * *La·bour[ˈleɪbəʳ]to vote \Labour Labour wählen\Labour candidate Labourkandidat(in) m(f)* * *(US) ['leɪbə(r)]1. nafter much labour the job was at last completed — nach langen Mühen war die Arbeit endlich vollendet
2) (= task) Aufgabe fit was a labour of love — ich/er etc tat es aus Liebe zur Sache
this biography is clearly a labour of love —
the labours of Hercules — die Arbeiten pl des Herkules
3)See:→ hard labour4) (= persons) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl5) (Brit POL)this district is Labour — dies ist ein Labourbezirk
to be in labour — in den Wehen liegen, die Wehen haben
2. vtpoint, subject auswalzen, breittreten (inf)I won't labour the point — ich will nicht darauf herumreiten
3. vithey laboured hard to get the house finished on time — sie gaben sich die größte Mühe, das Haus rechtzeitig fertigzustellen
to labour under a misapprehension — sich einer Illusion (dat) hingeben
2) (= move etc with effort or difficulty) sich quälenthe engine is labouring — der Motor hört sich gequält an; (in wrong gear) der Motor läuft untertourig
to labour up a hill — sich einen Hügel hinaufquälen, mühsam den Berg hochkriechen
his breathing became laboured — er begann, schwer zu atmen
* * *A s1. (schwere) Arbeit:a labor of love eine gern oder unentgeltlich getane Arbeit, ein Liebesdienst; → hard labo(u)r, Herculean 1, Hercules2. Mühe f, Plage f, Anstrengung f:lost labor vergebliche Mühe3. WIRTSCHa) Arbeiter(klasse) pl(f), Arbeiterschaft fb) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl:cheap labor billige Arbeitskräfte;5. MED Wehen pl:be in labor in den Wehen liegen6. Schlingern n, Stampfen n (eines Schiffs)B v/i1. (schwer) arbeiten (at an dat), sich bemühen ( for sth um etwas), sich anstrengen oder abmühen ( to do zu tun)labor through sich durch Schlamm etc, a. ein Buch etc kämpfen;labor up the hill sich den Berg hinaufquälen3. stampfen, schlingern (Schiff)4. (under)a) zu leiden haben (unter dat), zu kämpfen haben (mit), kranken (an dat):labor under difficulties mit Schwierigkeiten zu kämpfen haben5. MED in den Wehen liegenC v/t1. ausführlich oder umständlich behandeln, bis ins Einzelne ausarbeiten oder ausführen, breitwalzen:labor a point auf einer Sache herumreiten umg2. obs oder poet den Boden bestellen, bebauenD adj1. Arbeits…:a) Arbeitskosten,b) Lohnkosten2. Arbeiter…:labor leader Arbeiterführer(in) ( → D 3, D 4);labor movement Arbeiterbewegung f ( → D 4);labor demand Nachfrage f nach Arbeitskräftenlabor leader führende Person in der Labour Party (Großbritanniens etc)( → D 2, D 4)labor leader Gewerkschaftsführer(in) ( → D 2, D 3);labor movement Gewerkschaftsbewegung f ( → D 2)* * *1.['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun1) (task) Arbeit, diesomething is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache
2) (exertion) Mühe, die3) (work) Arbeit, diecost of labour — Arbeitskosten Pl.
4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die5)Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party
6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.2. intransitive verbgo into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also intensive 5)
1) (work hard) hart arbeiten (at, on an + Dat.); (slave away) sich abmühen (at, over mit)3)3. transitive verblabour under a delusion — sich einer Täuschung (Dat.) hingeben
* * *(UK) n.Arbeit -en f. -
4 associate
A n1 (colleague, partner) associé/-e m/f also pej ; she's a business associate of mine c'est une de mes associées ; an associate in crime un/une complice ; Browns and Associates Comm Browns et Associés ;3 US Univ ≈ Deug m.C vtr1 (connect in thought, imagination) associer ; to associate X with Y associer X à Y ; these symptoms are associated with old age ces symptômes sont associés à la vieillesse ; I associate him with Communism je l'associe au communisme ;2 ( be involved in) to be associated with [person] faire partie de [movement, group] ; péj être mêlé à [shady business] ; I don't want to be associated with such a dishonest plan je ne souhaite pas être mêlé à un projet si malhonnête.1 ( linked in thought) [concept] associé ;2 ( connected) [member] associé ; [benefits, expenses] annexe ; the department and its associated services and committees le département et les services et comités adjoints ; the plan and its associated issues/problems le projet et les questions/problèmes qui en découlent. -
5 line
line [laɪn]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun3. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. nounb. ( = boundary) frontière fc. ( = wrinkle) ride ff. (for phone) ligne f• Mr Smith is on the line j'ai M. Smith en ligne• to learn one's lines [actor] apprendre son textei. ( = row) [of trees, parked cars, hills] rangée f ; [of cars in traffic jam] file f ; [of people] (side by side) rang m ; (one behind another) file f ; ( = assembly line) chaîne f• to fall into line with sb ( = conform) se ranger à l'avis de qnk. ( = route) ligne fl. ( = track) voie f• they voted against the government line ils ont voté contre la position adoptée par le gouvernement• to take a strong line on... se montrer ferme sur...• you must be very aware of that in your line of business vous devez en être très conscient dans votre métier• what's your line of business? que faites-vous dans la vie ?p. ( = product) this lager is the shop's best selling line cette bière blonde est ce qui se vend le mieuxq. ( = course) in the line of duty dans l'exercice de ses (or mes etc) fonctionss. (in battle) ligne f• didn't I tell you that all along the line? c'est ce que je n'ai pas arrêté de te dire• somewhere along the line he got an engineering degree je ne sais pas exactement quand, il a décroché son diplôme d'ingénieur► along... lines• along political/racial lines selon des critères politiques/raciaux► in line• if the Prime Minister fails to keep the rebels in line si le Premier ministre ne réussit pas à maîtriser les éléments rebelles• our system is broadly in line with that of other countries notre système correspond plus ou moins à celui des autres pays► into line• to come on line [power station, machine] entrer en service► on the line ( = at stake) (inf) en jeuhe was completely out of line to suggest that... ( = unreasonable) il n'aurait vraiment pas dû suggérer que...• he is out of line with his party ( = in conflict) il est en décalage par rapport à son parti• their debts are completely out of line with their incomes leur endettement est tout à fait disproportionné par rapport à leurs revenusa. ( = mark) [+ face] marquer3. compounds• to keep the lines of communication open with sb ne pas rompre le dialogue avec qn ► line of fire noun ligne f de tir► line-up noun [of people] file f ; ( = identity parade) séance f d'identification (d'un suspect) ; (Football) composition f de l'équipe f► line upa. ( = stand in row) se mettre en rang(s) ; ( = stand in queue) faire la queueb. ( = align o.s.) to line up against sb/sth se liguer contre qn/qch• most senators lined up in support of the president la plupart des sénateurs ont soutenu le présidenta. [+ people, objects] alignerb. ( = find) (inf)• we must line up a chairman for the meeting il faut que nous trouvions un président pour la réunion• have you got something lined up for this evening? est-ce que tu as prévu quelque chose pour ce soir ?• have you got someone lined up? avez-vous quelqu'un en vue ?* * *[laɪn] 1.1) gen, Sport ligne f; (shorter, thicker) trait m; Art trait ma straight/curved line — une ligne droite/courbe
the line AB — ( in geometry) la droite AB
2) (of people, cars) file f; ( of trees) rangée fin straight lines — [plant, arrange] en lignes droites
to be in line — [buildings] être dans l'alignement
3) fig4) ( queue) file fto stand in ou wait in line — faire la queue
to form a line — [people] faire la queue
5) ( on face) ride f6) Architecture ( outline shape) ligne f (of de)7) ( boundary) frontière fthere's a fine line between knowledge and pedantry — de la culture à la pédanterie il n'y a qu'un pas
8) ( rope) corde f; ( for fishing) ligne f9) ( cable) Electricity ligne f (électrique)10) Telecommunications ( connection) ligne fto get off the line — (colloq) raccrocher
11) ( rail route) ligne f ( between entre); ( rails) voie f; (shipping company, airline) compagnie f12) ( in genealogy) lignée fa line from — une citation de [poem etc]
to learn one's lines — Theatre apprendre son texte
14) ( conformity)to bring regional laws into line with federal laws — harmoniser les lois régionales et les lois fédérales
our prices are out of line with those of our competitors — nos prix ne s'accordent pas avec ceux de nos concurrents
you're way out of line! — (colloq) franchement, tu exagères!
15) (colloq) ( piece of information)16) ( stance)17) ( type of product) gamme f18) Militaryenemy lines — lignes fpl ennemies
19) ( equator)20) (colloq) ( of cocaine) ligne (colloq) f (of de)2.in line with prepositional phrase en accord avec [policy, trend]3.transitive verb doubler [garment] ( with avec); tapisser [box, shelf] ( with de); [spectators] border [route]Phrasal Verbs:- line up••all along the line —
somewhere along the line — ( at point in time) à un certain moment; ( at stage) quelque part
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6 action
action n1 ¢ gen action f ; ( to deal with situation) mesures fpl ; freedom of action liberté f d'action ; to take action agir, prendre des mesures (against contre) ; to take action to do prendre des mesures pour faire ; drastic action des mesures draconiennes ; the situation demands immediate action la situation exige des mesures immédiates ; a man of action un homme d'action ; day of action journée f d'action ; to push ou drive sb into action pousser qn à agir ; to put a plan/an idea into action mettre un projet/une idée à exécution ; to get into action entrer en action ; to put sth out of action mettre qch en panne ; his accident put him out of action for three months son accident l'a mis complètement à plat ○ pendant trois mois ; to be out of action [machine] être en panne ; [person] être inactif/-ive ; you should see her in action! gen il faut la voir en pleine action! ; iron il faut la voir à l'œuvre! ; to be back in action être de retour ; for action please ( on memo) pour exécution ;2 ( deed) acte m ; to judge sb by their actions juger qn à ses actes ; he defended his action in sacking them il a défendu ce qu'il avait fait en les licenciant ; actions speak louder than words mieux vaut agir que parler ;3 ( fighting) action f, combat m ; to see (some) action combattre ; to go into action aller au combat or au feu ; to be killed in action être tué au combat ; killed by enemy action tué par l'ennemi ;4 Cin, Theat action f ; the action takes place in Beirut l'action se passe à Beyrouth ; action! moteur! ;5 ○ ( excitement) to be at the centre of the action être au centre de l'action ; I don't want to miss out on the action je ne veux pas rater ce qui se passe ; that's where the action is c'est là où ça bouge ○ ; they want a piece of the action ( want to be involved) ils ne veulent pas être en reste ; ( want some of the profits) ils veulent leur part du gâteau ○ ;6 Jur action f, procès m ; to bring an action against sb intenter une action contre qn ; libel action procès en diffamation ;9 Chem action f. -
7 deep
B adj1 ( vertically) [hole, ditch, water, wound, wrinkle, breath, sigh, curtsey, armchair] profond ; [mud, snow, carpet] épais/épaisse ; [container, drawer, saucepan, grass] haut ; deep roots Bot racines fpl profondes ; fig bases fpl ; deep cleansing Cosmet nettoyage en profondeur ; a deep-pile carpet une moquette de haute laine ; how deep is the river/wound? quelle est la profondeur de la rivière/blessure? ; the lake is 13 m deep le lac a 13 m de profondeur ; a hole 5 cm deep, a 5 cm deep hole un trou de 5 cm ; the floor was 10 cm deep in water le sol se trouvait sous 10 cm d'eau ; the sound/spring came from a source deep in the earth le son/la fontaine provenait des profondeurs de la terre ;2 ( horizontally) [border, band, strip] large ; [shelf, drawer, cupboard, alcove, stage] profond ; a shelf 30 cm deep une étagère de 30 cm de profondeur ; people were standing six deep les gens étaient debout sur six rangées ; cars were parked three deep les voitures étaient garées sur trois files ;3 fig ( intense) [admiration, concern, depression, dismay, love, faith, impression, sorrow] profond ; [interest, regret, shame] profond, grand ; [desire, need, pleasure] grand ; [difficulty, trouble] gros/grosse ; Physiol [coma, sleep] profond ; my deepest sympathy parfois hum toutes mes condoléances ;4 ( impenetrable) [darkness, forest, jungle, mystery] profond ; [secret] grand ; [person] réservé ; they live in deepest Wales hum ils habitent au fin fond du pays de Galles ; you're a deep one ○ ! tu caches bien ton jeu ○ ! ;5 ( intellectually profound) [idea, insight, meaning, truth, book, thinker] profond ; [knowledge, discussion] approfondi ; [thought] ( concentrated) profond ; ( intimate) intime ; at a deeper level plus en profondeur ;8 (involved, absorbed) to be deep in être absorbé dans [thought, entertainment] ; être plongé dans [book, conversation, work] ; to be deep in debt être endetté jusqu'au cou ;9 [shot, serve] en profondeur.C adv1 ( a long way down) [dig, bury, cut] profondément ; he thrust his hands deep into his pockets/the snow il a enfoncé ses mains dans ses poches/la neige ; she dived deep into the lake elle a plongé dans les profondeurs du lac ; he plunged the knife deep into her body il lui a planté le couteau dans le corps ; deep in the cellars tout au fond des caves ; deep beneath the sea/the earth's surface à une grande profondeur sous la mer/la surface de la terre ; to sink/dig deeper s'enfoncer/creuser plus profondément ; to dig deeper into an affair fig creuser (plus loin) une affaire ; to sink deeper into debt fig s'endetter davantage ; he drank deep of the wine littér il a bu une large rasade de vin ;2 ( a long way in) deep in ou into au cœur de ; deep in the forest, all was still au cœur de la forêt, le silence régnait ; to go deep into the woods s'enfoncer au cœur des bois ; deep in the heart of the maquis/of Texas au cœur du maquis/du Texas ; deep in space loin dans l'espace ; deep in my heart tout au fond de mon cœur ; to be deep in thought/discussion être plongé dans ses pensées/dans une discussion ; to work/talk deep into the night travailler/causer jusque tard dans la nuit ; he gazed deep into my eyes littér il s'est noyé dans mon regard ;3 fig (emotionally, in psyche) deep down ou inside dans mon/ton etc for intérieur ; deep down she was frightened dans son for intérieur elle avait peur ; deep down she's a nice woman elle a un bon fond ; to go deep [faith, emotion, loyalty, instinct] être profond ; his problems go deeper than that ses problèmes sont bien plus graves que cela ; to run deep [belief, feeling, prejudice] être bien enraciné ;4 Sport [hit, kick, serve] en profondeur.to be in deep ○ y être jusqu'au cou ○ ; to be in deep water être dans de beaux draps ○. -
8 effects of the electrical arc on human beings
воздействие электрической дуги на человека
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Effects of the electrical arc on human beings
From the above, it is evident that the electrical arc represents a hazard source for people and goods.
The hazards to which a person is exposed due to the release of energy generated by an arc event are:
• burns;
• injuries due to ejection of materials;
• damages to hearing;
• inhalation of toxic gases.
Burns
The high temperature levels of the gases produced by the electrical arc and the expulsion of incandescent metal particles may cause more or less severe burns to people.
Flames can cause all degrees of burn up to carbonization: the red-hot solid bodies, such as the metal fragments of the assembly involved, cause third degree burns, superheated steam causes burns analogous to those by hot liquids whereas radiant heat generally causes less severe burns.
Injuries due to ejection of materials
The ejection of metal particles or other loose items caused by the electrical arc can result in severe injuries to the weakest parts of the human body as, for example, the eyes.
The materials expelled owing to the explosion produced by the arc may penetrate the cornea and hurt it.
The extent of the lesions depends on the characteristics and on the kinetic energy of these objects.
Moreover, the ocular region can sustain injuries to the mucosa because of the gases released by the arc and the emission of ultraviolet and infrared rays can injure the cornea and the retina depending on the radiation wavelengths.
Hearing
As already mentioned, the electrical arc is a real explosion, whose sound may cause permanent injuries to hearing.
Inhalation of toxic gases
The fumes produced by burnt insulating materials and by molten or vaporized metals can be toxic.
The fumes are caused by incomplete burning and are formed by carbon particles and by other solid substances suspended in the air.
[ABB]Воздействие электрической дуги на человека
Из сказанного выше совершенно очевидно, что электрическая дуга является источником опасности для людей и имущества.
При высвобождении энергии электрической дуги человек может подвергнуться следующим опасностям:
• получение ожогов;
• повреждения от выброса продуктов горения дуги;
• нарушение слуха;
• вдыхание ядовитых газов.
Ожоги
Высокая температура газов, образующихся при горении электрической дуги, и выброс раскаленных частиц металла могут явиться причиной достаточно тяжелых ожогов.
Можно получить любую степень ожогов, вплоть до обугливания. Раскаленные до красна твердые частицы, такие как металлические частицы НКУ, вызывают ожоги третьей степени. Перегретый пар вызывает ожоги, аналогичные ожогам от горячих жидкостей. Лучистая энергия вызывает менее тяжелые ожоги.
Повреждения от выброса продуктов горения дуги
Выброс металлических или иных частиц, происходящий при горении электрической дуги, может привести к серьезным телесным повреждениям, особенно при попадании в глаза.
Частицы, выбрасываемые при горении дуги, могут проникнуть в роговую оболочку глаза и повредить ее.
Степень поражения зависит от характеристик и кинетической энергии выбрасываемых частиц.
Кроме того, газы, выделяющиеся в процессе горения дуги, могут повредить слизистую оболочку глаз, а ультрафиолетовое и инфракрасное излучение – роговую оболочку и сетчатку в зависимости от длины волны воздействующего излучения.
Орган слуха
Как уже упоминалось, электрическая дуга представляет собой реальный взрыв, звук которого может нанести тяжелую травму органу слуха.
Вдыхание ядовитых газов
Продукты горения изоляционных материалов и пары металлов могут быть ядовитыми.
Дым, образующийся при неполном сгорании и содержащий частицы углерода и других веществ, попадает в окружающий воздух.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > effects of the electrical arc on human beings
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